Bradypnea

Definition

Bradypnea is a respiratory rate less than 12 breaths/minute in adults. It may reflect CNS depression, metabolic alkalosis, or respiratory muscle fatigue.

Causes

• Opioid overdose
• Sedative and benzodiazepine overdose
• Increased intracranial pressure
• Severe metabolic alkalosis
• Hypothyroidism, hypothermia
• End-stage respiratory failure

Signs and Symptoms

Hypoventilation leads to hypercarbia, hypoxemia, somnolence, headache, and eventual loss of consciousness. Cyanosis appears as a late sign.

Nursing Interventions

Assess airway patency, level of consciousness, pupils (pinpoint suggests opioid), and SpO2. For opioid-induced bradypnea, administer naloxone 0.4 to 2 mg IV and repeat every 2 to 3 minutes. Prepare for bag-valve-mask ventilation and possible intubation.

NCLEX Relevance

Top opioid overdose cue along with pinpoint pupils and depressed LOC. Priority action: support ventilation first, then reverse.