Echocardiogram

Definition

An echocardiogram is a non-invasive ultrasound study that visualizes the heart's chambers, valves, and blood flow. It provides essential information about cardiac structure and function, including ejection fraction.

Types

• Transthoracic (TTE): Probe on chest wall; standard, noninvasive.
• Transesophageal (TEE): Probe passed down esophagus; better view of valves, atria, aorta.
• Stress echo: Before and after exercise or pharmacologic stress (dobutamine).
• Doppler echo: Assesses blood flow and valve function.

Key Measurements

Ejection fraction (EF) normal 55 to 70%; wall motion abnormalities; valve function (stenosis, regurgitation); chamber size; pericardial effusion.

Nursing Care

TTE requires no preparation. TEE requires NPO 6 to 8 hours, IV sedation, throat anesthesia; monitor for gag reflex before oral intake. Monitor vital signs during stress echo; stop if chest pain, dyspnea, or severe ST changes.

NCLEX Relevance

Gold standard for ejection fraction. TEE = NPO and check gag reflex.