Gingivitis

Definition

Gingivitis is inflammation of the gingiva (gums) caused primarily by accumulation of bacterial plaque. It is the earliest stage of periodontal disease and is reversible with good oral hygiene.

Signs and Symptoms

• Red, swollen gums
• Bleeding with brushing or flossing
• Halitosis
• Mild gum tenderness

Risk Factors and Associations

Poor oral hygiene, smoking, pregnancy (hormonal), diabetes, vitamin C deficiency, immunosuppression. Certain medications cause gingival hyperplasia: phenytoin (Dilantin), cyclosporine, and calcium channel blockers.

Nursing Interventions

Teach meticulous oral hygiene: brushing twice daily with soft-bristled brush, daily flossing, antiseptic mouthwash (chlorhexidine). Regular dental cleanings every 6 months. Address modifiable risk factors. Use soft toothbrush and non-alcohol mouthwash for patients on phenytoin.

NCLEX Relevance

Phenytoin (Dilantin) causes gingival hyperplasia. Teach good oral hygiene.