Hemoptysis
Coughing up blood from the respiratory tract
Definition
Hemoptysis is the expectoration of blood or blood-streaked sputum from the respiratory tract. It is distinguished from hematemesis (blood from GI tract) by its frothy, alkaline, and bright red appearance.
Causes
- Pulmonary embolism
- Tuberculosis
- Lung cancer
- Bronchitis/bronchiectasis
- Pneumonia
- Pulmonary edema (pink, frothy)
- Trauma
- Anticoagulant therapy
Nursing Priorities
- Assess airway, breathing, circulation
- Position upright or lean forward; affected lung DOWN if known to prevent blood spreading to healthy lung
- Suction as needed; protect airway
- Monitor oxygen saturation, vital signs
- Obtain chest x-ray, CT, bronchoscopy as ordered
- Prepare for possible embolization, surgery
NCLEX Relevance
Massive hemoptysis = airway emergency. TB classic cue.