Hepatitis

Definition

Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver caused by viruses, alcohol, medications, toxins, or autoimmune processes.

Viral Hepatitis Types

• HAV: Fecal-oral; vaccine available; no chronic form.
• HBV: Blood/sexual/perinatal; vaccine available; can become chronic.
• HCV: Blood; direct-acting antivirals (cure rates ≥95%); no vaccine.
• HDV: Only with HBV; blood.
• HEV: Fecal-oral; severe in pregnancy.

Signs and Symptoms

Fatigue, jaundice, RUQ discomfort, dark urine, clay-colored stool, anorexia, nausea, elevated AST/ALT and bilirubin.

Nursing Interventions

Administer antivirals as indicated. Teach infection control (gloves, hand hygiene). Use Standard Precautions; contact precautions for fecal incontinence (HAV/HEV). HBV post-exposure prophylaxis with HBIG + vaccine. Avoid alcohol and hepatotoxic medications. Support rest, small frequent meals, adequate fluids.

NCLEX Relevance

Transmission mode differentiation is high-yield. HBV is the classic needlestick concern.