Hernia

Definition

A hernia is the abnormal protrusion of an organ or tissue through a weakness or opening in the wall of its surrounding cavity, such as common types include inguinal, femoral, umbilical, incisional, and hiatal hernias.

Classification

• Reducible: Contents return to cavity with pressure.
• Incarcerated: Trapped outside cavity; risk of obstruction.
• Strangulated: Blood supply compromised. SURGICAL EMERGENCY; severe pain, N/V, fever.

Common Presentations

Inguinal (most common, especially in men), visible bulge worsening with straining or standing; hiatal hernia, such as heartburn, regurgitation.

Nursing Care

Teach patients to avoid heavy lifting, straining, coughing, and constipation. Post-op herniorrhaphy: pain control, avoid lifting over 10 lb × 6 weeks, assess for infection and recurrence. Support stool softeners to prevent Valsalva, for strangulated hernia. Prepare for emergency surgery.

NCLEX Relevance

Strangulation = surgical emergency.