Hypoxia

Definition

Hypoxia is a state of inadequate oxygen delivery to tissues that impairs cellular function. Hypoxemia (low arterial PaO2) usually leads to but is not the same as hypoxia.

Types

• Hypoxemic: Low PaO2 (COPD, pneumonia).
• Anemic: Reduced hemoglobin (severe anemia, CO poisoning).
• Stagnant: Reduced perfusion (shock, HF).
• Histotoxic: Cells cannot use O2 (cyanide).

Signs and Symptoms

Early: restlessness, anxiety, confusion, tachycardia, tachypnea. Late: cyanosis, bradycardia, hypotension, loss of consciousness, cardiac arrest.

Nursing Interventions

Apply oxygen (titrate 94 to 98% general, 88 to 92% for COPD), position upright, encourage deep breathing, suction secretions, treat underlying cause. Monitor ABGs and SpO2, for cyanide poisoning, hydroxocobalamin. For CO poisoning, 100% oxygen.

NCLEX Relevance

Restlessness = earliest sign of hypoxia. Cyanosis = late sign.