Kussmaul Breathing

Definition

Kussmaul breathing is a characteristic pattern of deep, labored, rapid respirations. It is the body's compensatory response to metabolic acidosis. Blowing off CO2 to raise pH.

Causes

• Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Classic
• Severe metabolic acidosis from any cause
• Renal failure/uremia
• Severe sepsis and lactic acidosis
• Methanol or ethylene glycol poisoning

Clinical Presentation

Rate greater than 20/min with increased depth and visible effort. Often accompanied by fruity breath (DKA), altered mental status, dehydration, and Kussmaul's classic sighing quality.

Nursing Interventions

Recognize as a sign of metabolic acidosis and treat underlying cause, for DKA: IV fluids, insulin drip, potassium replacement. Monitor ABGs, electrolytes, and mental status. Oxygen as indicated.

NCLEX Relevance

Kussmaul breathing = metabolic acidosis cue, especially DKA.