Lactation

Definition

Lactation is the process of milk production and secretion by the mammary glands. It begins in late pregnancy (colostrum) and fully establishes within 3 to 5 days postpartum.

Stages of Milk

• Colostrum: Yellowish, antibody-rich first milk (0 to 5 days).
• Transitional milk: 5 to 14 days postpartum.
• Mature milk: Established breast milk after 14 days.

Hormonal Regulation

Prolactin stimulates milk production; oxytocin triggers let-down reflex in response to suckling.

Benefits of Breastfeeding

Passive immunity (IgA), optimal nutrition, bonding, reduced SIDS, reduced allergies, and lower rates of certain chronic diseases.

Common Issues and Nursing Support

• Engorgement: frequent feeding, cool compresses between feeds
• Sore nipples: proper latch, air-dry nipples
• Mastitis: breast pain, redness, fever. Treat with antibiotics; continue breastfeeding
• Low supply: frequent feedings, galactagogues

NCLEX Relevance

Continue breastfeeding with mastitis. Colostrum is immunologically protective.