Perfusion
The flow of blood through tissues delivering oxygen and nutrients
Definition
Perfusion is the movement of blood through the circulatory system to organs and tissues. Adequate perfusion ensures oxygen and nutrient delivery and waste removal.
Determinants
- Cardiac output (heart rate × stroke volume)
- Blood pressure
- Vascular resistance
- Blood volume
- Oxygen-carrying capacity
Assessment
- Vital signs (especially BP)
- Capillary refill less than 3 seconds
- Peripheral pulses
- Skin color, temperature, moisture
- Mental status (cerebral perfusion)
- Urine output greater than 30 mL/hr (renal perfusion)
Impaired Perfusion
Shock (various types), heart failure, arterial occlusion, severe anemia, hypovolemia. Signs: tachycardia, hypotension, cool/pale/clammy skin, altered LOC, decreased urine output.
NCLEX Relevance
Early shock: tachycardia, cool extremities, decreased urine output. BEFORE hypotension.