Syncope

Definition

Syncope is a brief, self-limited loss of consciousness and postural tone resulting from transient cerebral hypoperfusion. It is not a diagnosis but a symptom.

Common Causes

• Vasovagal (neurocardiogenic): Common fainting; triggered by emotion, pain, prolonged standing.
• Orthostatic hypotension: Drop in BP on standing.
• Cardiac: Arrhythmia, outflow obstruction (aortic stenosis), ischemia.
• Cerebrovascular: TIA, migraine.
• Metabolic: Hypoglycemia.

Nursing Assessment

Cardiac workup: ECG, echocardiogram. Orthostatic BP measurements (glucose check). Rule out dangerous causes (MI, arrhythmia, cardiac outflow obstruction).

Nursing Interventions

Safety first. Protect from falls. If syncopal episode occurs, lay patient flat with legs elevated, assess vital signs, check ABCs, check glucose. Teach patients to sit or lie down at first sign of symptoms, avoid triggers, adequate hydration.

NCLEX Relevance

Cardiac syncope may signal serious condition (requires workup).