NPO

Definition

NPO (Latin: nil per os) means nothing by mouth, such as no food, drink, or oral medications. Indicated before anesthesia, diagnostic procedures, or in conditions requiring bowel rest.

Common Indications

• Surgery (typically NPO after midnight or 6 to 8 hours for solids, 2 hours for clear liquids)
• GI procedures (endoscopy, colonoscopy)
• Bowel rest (ileus, pancreatitis, bowel obstruction)
• Risk of aspiration (decreased LOC, vomiting, dysphagia)

Nursing Considerations

• Post NPO signage
• Remove food, water pitcher
• Oral care without swallowing (rinse and expel)
• Clarify medications. Some may be given with sip of water per provider
• IV fluids for maintenance when NPO prolonged
• Monitor for hypoglycemia if diabetic

NCLEX Relevance

Verify NPO status before procedures. Fall prevention when hypoglycemic or hypovolemic.