Vertigo

Definition

Vertigo is the illusion of self or environmental movement, usually spinning. It differs from lightheadedness or dizziness in its specific rotational quality.

Causes

• Peripheral (inner ear): BPPV, labyrinthitis, Ménière's disease, vestibular neuritis.
• Central (brain): Stroke, multiple sclerosis, tumors, migraine.

Assessment

Dix-Hallpike maneuver for BPPV. Neurologic examination to rule out central causes. Red flags for central vertigo: sudden severe headache, focal neurologic deficits, gait ataxia out of proportion.

Nursing Interventions

Safety: fall prevention, assist with ambulation. Medications: meclizine, dimenhydrinate (Dramamine), scopolamine. Epley maneuver for BPPV. Ménière's: low-sodium diet, diuretics, avoid caffeine and alcohol. Teach slow position changes.

NCLEX Relevance

Fall risk is priority. Ménière's: low-sodium diet.